W.S. Maugham "Theater". Chapters 15-18

I. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases:
condescending letter – снисходительное письмо
pearl studs – жемчужные запонки
peevish – капризный,раздражительный
make head or tail of it – ничего не понимать
fatuous irony – глупая ирония
to get back on sb – отделаться от кого-то
song and dance – сцена, скандал
to spend a lot on green fees – тратиться на аренду поля для гольфа
despicable – презренный
to give sb a treat – доставить кому либо удовольствие
to wheedle sb into –впутывать кого-то во что-то
prudishness –ханженство
to take liberties with sb – вести себя развязно с кем-то
to grudge sb – завидовать,жаловаться
conspicuous – очевидный
to take the rough with the smooth – стойко переносить превратности судьбы
to have a joke up your sleeve – держать шутку наготове
to mortify sb – усмирять
disconcerted –смущенный
II. Explain the following metaphors. Who do they refer to?
1)It won't hurt him to discover that I'm not all milk and honey. 
This metaphor refers to Julia, when she wanted to hurt and humiliate him by leaving money to pay for the maid. After she had a fear now that she had gone too far.

2)I'm not the woman to desert a sinking ship.
This metaphor refers to Dolly de Vries, who used it while speaking to Michael about his wife, Julia, and her affairs with this young man. She worried that Julia's reputation would be ruined because of her bound with Tom.
III. Give a character sketch of Dolly de Vries. Pay special attention to the description of hr appearance: "Dolly de Vries was now a woman of sixty. …and a slight cockney accent revealed itself." Dwell on her relationship with Michael and Julia. How did she feel about Tom?
Dolly de Vries was now a woman of sixty. She was very fat, and her face, with its large nose and heavy red lips, seemed larger than life. There was a slightly masculine touch in her black satin dress, but she wore a double string of pearls round her neck, a diamond brooch at her waist and another in her hat. Her short hair was dyed a rich copper. Her lips and her finger-nails were bright red. Her voice was loud and deep, but when she got excited the words were apt to tumble over one another and a slight cockney accent revealed itself. She was a very rich admirer of Julia. She loved her and felt jealous when found out her affairs with Tom. She was frightened to speak about it with Julia that's why went to her husband.  Michael didn't like   Dolly de Vries as well as she didn't like him. The old woman didn’t like Tom, she even gave necessary inquiries and learned that he, in turn, had love affairs with an incompetent debutante Evis Crichton. 

IV. Speak on Julia's reputation and talent. Do you agree that no one expects an actress to be a pattern of propriety ?
No doubt, Julia was a very talented actress. Her reputation was perfect,she was a devoted wife and a good mother.Being a really great actress of her time, Julia didn’t find any difficulty for her to think over every detail, every scene of her life, not only on the stage: the way she was dressed, the way she turned her head and what she sayed. The woman was not aware that she deliberately observed people, but when she came to study a new part vague recollections surged up in her from she knew not where, and she found that she knew things about the character she was to represent that she had had no inkling of.  I think that the profession of actress associates with intrigues,casual affairs,so a lot of people don't expect  an actress to be a pattern of propriety.
V. Answer the questions:1. Why did Julia offer Tom the money for servants' tips? Do you think she made the right decision?
While they were in Taplow the young Tom didn’t notice Julia as his lover, what hurt her, and for what she decided to take revenge on him. Her revenge was refined: knowing how to hurt his feelings, she reminded him to leave the maid tips, leaving the money in the envelope. If the woman wanted to hurt the man, she succeeded, but I don’t think it was a right decision, as that money were the most humiliating thing the man could receive.
2. Did Julia manage to induce Tom to see her again after that?
Yes, Julia managed to induce Tom to see her again saying that they had been too much to one another to part like that.
3. Did Dolly believe that Julia didn't have a lover? Why?
No, Dolly didn’t believe that Julia didn’t have a lover, as people were saying rather disagreeable things about her.
4. Whom did Dolly finally decide to talk to about Julia's cheating?
Even after all these years Dolly was a little frightened of Julia, as there was something about her that prevented you from taking liberties with her. The woman at last came to the conclusion that Michael had to speak to his wife. She had never liked Michael, but after all he was Julia's husband and it was her duty to tell him at least enough to make him put a stop to whatever was going on.
5. Why did Dolly not confess to Michael that she suspected Julia of having a love affair?
Dolly had no proof; she only had an intuition that she could not mistrust; she wanted to say yes, but she controlled it. The woman couldn’t give Julia away. Her husband might go and tell her and Julia would never speak to her again. He might have Julia watched and catch her out. No one could tell what might happen if she told the truth.
6. Why did Michael suggest buying Dolly's share out?
Michael suggested buying Dolly’s share out, as he thought the woman could suffer from Julia’s broken reputation. The man didn’t mind admitting that if his wife got herself unpleasantly talked about it might have some effect on the takings. He was her husband and he had to put up with it. But Dolly was in a different position altogether.
7. What was the reason for Dolly's desperate jealousy?
When Dolly got into her magnificent and very expensive car and drove back to Montagu Square she could not hold back the heavy, painful tears that filled her eyes. She felt old, lonely, unhappy, and desperately jealous, because there was somebody else who loved and wanted to help Julia, her husband Michael.
8. How did Dolly try to convince Julia that Tom was not very discreet?
Dolly knew that Tom’s father bought him a share in the firm and he became a junior partner. Then it seems a little strange that on that the young man should be able to have a flat, dress the way he does and take people to night clubs, as if his father bought him a partnership he wasn’t making him an allowance as well.
9. Why couldn't Julia fall asleep after the lunch with Dolly?
 She had often felt that her talent, genius the critics called it, but that was a very grand word, her gift, if you like, was not really herself, not even part of her, but something outside that used her, Julia Lambert the woman, in order to express itself.

VI. Summarize the events of chapters 15-18.
During vacation Julia expected to spend a lot of time with her lover Tom but the latter preferred to be with her son Roger who was nearly at the same age as Tom. Julia was so jealous and his actions make her disappointed so much. The woman decided to revenge her lover. She knew that Tom was poor but she left him money. The man gave her money back and Julia realized that she made a mistake. She loved Tom and wanted him to return. Julia met Dolly who told her the gossips about the actress and Nom but Julia tried to make Dolly sure that was not true. However Julia did not believe her and told Michael that.

"Theatre" by S. Maugham Chapter 14

I. Find in the text the following words and phrases and translate them into Russian:
on one excuse and another – то под одним,то под другим предлогом

to confess to oneself – признаться кому-либо

that was all to the good – все, что не делается - все к лучшему

shrewd – проницательный

vanity – тщеславие

to have an affair with sb. – иметь  интрижку с кем-либо

sallow – болезненный, землистого цвета

to feel compassion for sb. – чувствовать сострадание к кому-либо

eminent persons – выдающиеся личности

to lay no claims on sb. – ничего не предъявлять

to use all her arts of cajolery -призывать все свое искусство обольщения

stale food – несвежая еда

to overcome one's scruples – преодолеть сомнения

to find someone a trifle dull – находить кого-либо немного скучным

to have no inclination – не иметь склонностей

a man of the world – светский человек

she was modest about herself – она была скромного мнения о себе

a smack in the face – прямо в лицо (как пощечина)

sulkily – сердито

Julia's heart was wrung – сердце Джулии екнуло

chivalrous courtesy – рыцарская учтивость

a vile disposition – отвратительный ,ужасный нрав

alacrity – готовность

wistful – тоскливый

to act with great naturalness – играть очень естественно

to make a scene – закатывать сцену

she was in a black rage – ее душила черная ярость

she'd get even with him – расплатиться с ним

 to rack one's brains – ломать голову

II. Answer the following questions:
1. Was Julia really in love with Tom Fennell? And he?
To my mind,Julia was really in love with him,she felt a strange passion to him. She tried to hide this felling from herself . As for Tom Fennel, he didn't love her.To have an affair with her flattered his vanity.
 2. How old was Tom? What did he do? Why was he a success with women?
Tom was 22. He was a highly-sexed young man and enjoyed sexual exercise. From hints, from stories that she had dragged out of him, Julia discovered that since he was seventeen he had had a great many women. He loved the act rather than the person. He looked upon it as the greatest lark in the world. And she could understand why he had so much success. There was something appealing in his slightness, his body was just skin and bone, that was why his clothes sat on him so well, and something charming in his clean freshness. His shyness and his effrontery combined to make him irresistible.

3. How can you characterize Roger? Where was he educated? What were his relations like with his parents? Did he know what he wanted to be? Did he want to go on the stage?

Roger was 17. He was educated in Eton. He was a nice-looking boy, with reddish hair and blue eyes, but that was the best you could say of him. He had neither his mother's vivacity and changing expression nor his father's beauty of feature. The relationship between him and the parents were rather cold.  As the family,they didn't spent a lot of time together. Julia only acted a good mother, but really wasn't interested in her son's brining up. He did not yet know what he wanted to be. Both Julia and Michael had from the first been obsessed by the fear that he would go on the stage, but for this apparently he had no inclination.
4. How did Tom and Roger get on together?
They were almost at the same age and spent all the time together. They spend a good time together.
5. Was Julia as successful in the movies as in the theatre? Did she envy the film-stars?
She had no success in the movies. Her face on the stage so mobile and expressive for some reason lost on the screen, and after one trial she had with Michael's approval refused to accept any of the offers that were from time to time made her. She had got a good deal of useful publicity out of her dignified attitude. But Julia did not envy the film-stars; they came and went; she stayed.
 6. Describe in detail how Julia managed to play different characters on the stage. What thrilled her? Why did she sometimes fell like God?
Julia was not aware that she deliberately observed people, but when she came to study a new part vague recollections surged up in her from she knew not where, and she found that she knew things about the character she was to represent that she had had no inkling of. It helped her to think of someone she knew or even someone she had seen in the street or at a party; she combined with this recollection her own personality, and thus built up a character founded on fact but enriched with her experience, her knowledge of technique and her amazing magnetism. People thought that she only acted during the two or three hours she was on the stage; they did not know that the character she was playing dwelt in the back of her mind all day long, when she was talking to others with all the appearance of attention, or in whatever business she was engaged.
7. How did Julia revenge herself on Tom?

Her revenge was refined: knowing how to hurt his feelings, she reminded him to leave the maid tips, leaving the money in the envelope.

III. Make up a list of words and phrases describing Tom Fennell. Comment on the repetition of "a young man" in the text. First "he was a blushing young man" for Julia. Did her attitude change when she was better aquainted with him? Prove it by giving examples from the text.

• There was something appealing in his slightness, his body was just skin and bone, that was why his clothes sat on him so well, and something charming in his clean freshness. His shyness and his effrontery combined to make him irresistible.
• What he's got, of course, is sex appeal.
• He was so conventional
• Very commonplace
•  Young, fresh and ingenuous
•  He was so deceitful

The author uses the repetition "young man"to show that Julia admired Tom’s youth and through it she remembered her times when she was a young woman. She understood that he wasn't in love with her.

 Sometimes she felt like God – Julia realize how powerful and important she was

He reminded Julia of an old dog lying in the sun and gently beating his tail on the ground as he looked at a pair of puppies gambolling about him.-The author underlines that Michael was old.

She read his mind like an open book. –  she understands him perfectly

V. What stylistic device did Maugham employ at large to characterize Julia? Illustrate your answer with the examples from the text. Comment on the lexicon used by Julia. To what stylistic layer of the vocabulary does it belong? How does it characterize Julia?

 Julia was very polite with other people,and the choice of words characterizes her as  an intelligent woman. In her internal monologues she uses vulgar words  (“The blasted fool, why does he talk all that rot?”, “Gosh, I’m going down like a barrel of oysters.”) It is not characterized her as a person of high society.

VI. Give a summary of chapter 14.

Julia understood that she fell in love with Tom Fennel.She tried to attract his attention using different things:gave him expensive presents,payed off his debts.Julia forgot about her age, but on vacation Tom so obviously and naturally prefered to spend his time with her son, Roger, that it really hurted her. That’s why Julia decided to revenge on Tom, but later, she felt she couldn’t lose him and did her best to make it up.

W.S. Maugham "Theater".Chapters 11-13

1)Find the following words and phrases in the text and translate them into Russian.
a profound contempt-глубочайшее презрение
to have first nights- премьеры
to be exemplary-быть образцовым,достойным подражания
a pattern оf conjugal fidelity-образец супружеской верности
to separate-разлучаться,расставаться
be ingenuous-быть открытым,искренним
to cry almost at will-плакать по собственному желанию
common sense-здравый смысл
to elope with smb-сбежать тайком,чтобы пожениться
preposterous-абсурдный,нелепый
curtain calls-поклоны
prudish-излищне щепитильный,ханжеский
in for a penny in for a pound-взялся за гуж не говори что не дюж
this was all a put-up job-сфабрикованное дело
indecent-недостойный
in a flash-мгновенно
to take liberties with smb-распускать руки
a matinée- дневной спектакль
amiably-дружелюбно,любезно
well-chosen words-хорошо-подобранные слова
to have no sequel-не иметь будущего
to erase the episode from the memory-стирать эпизод из памяти
pleasant reveries sauntered through her mind-приятные воспоминания мелькали в ее памяти
hectic flush- лихорадочный румянец
to see in the flesh-увидеть собственной персоной
to hurt one's pride-задеть самолюбие
to have an inkling-осторожный намек
to pawn-заложить

2) Answer the following questions:
1. How did Julia and Lord Tamerly get acquainted? Was Julia his mistress? What did Julia owe to Charles Tamerly?
They got  acquainted at a luncheon party. It was  Lady Charles who had first brought Julia and Charles together.  Lord Tamerly was madly fall in love with Julia,but Julia wasn't his mistress.
2. Describe Julia's acting when Lord Tamerly declared his love to her. How can you prove that it was only make-believe?
She could cry almost at will, it was one of her most telling accomplishments, and now without a sound, without a sob, the tears poured down her cheeks. With her mouth slightly open, with the look in her eyes of a child that has been deeply hurt and does not know why, the effect was unbearably pathetic.She played her role and was happy her actions were very impressive.
3. Why do you think Julia agreed to have tea with the young man? What was his name? Did Julia know it or not?
She agreed because of her own curiosity.His name was Tom Fennel. She didn't know  his name.
4. Was the young man as shy as he seemed to be?
He pretended to be shy,but he was very determined and cunning.
5. How did he show his admiration for Julia? 
He had seen her in every play she had acted in since he was twelve years old. He told her that once when he was fourteen he had stood outside the stage door after a matinee and when she came out had asked her to sign her name in his autograph-book.
6. What feelings did Julia experience after the date with the young man? How did she act after that? How old was Julia at that time? What's your opinion of Julia's behaviour?
  On the one hand she considered it to be absurd,but on the other hand she was happy and felt young again in her 40.Her behaviour was strange,she played perfectly after the affair with the young man,her eyes were shining. To my mind,she mustn't  betray her husband,but I can't judge her,because I wasn't in her shoes.
7. Describe the episode of Julia's adventure on the train to Cannes. What was Julia's attitude towards this accident? Give quotations from the text and comment on them. What do you think of this adventure?
  On her way to Cannes she met the attache at the Spanish Embassy in Paris who was going down to Cannes for Easter. He gave her his place in the sleeper, for there were no free ones. They spent the night together, and after a while it turned out that he had a family. But as time passed Julia's indignation was mitigated, and she had often thought of the adventure since with a good deal of pleasure. After all it had been fun. Sometimes she allowed her reveries to run away with her and she went over in her fancy the incidents of that singular night. He had been a most agreeable lover. It would be something to look back on when she was an old woman. He remained in her recollection, and in her bones, without a name.
For Julia it was a funny accident and unusual adventure. I think it is immorality.
8. When did Julia see Tom Fennell again? Under what circumstances?
Some days passed and he called her and they agreed that he would come to her dressing-room for a tea.

  9. What do you think attracted Julia to Tom? How old was he? 
He was very young and his youth attracted Julia.Though he was of no more than average height his slimness made him look tall.
10. Why do you think Tom was interested in grand people?
He wanted to be rich and famous as grand people were.
11. Do you approve or disapprove of Julia's love affair with Tom Fennell?
I think it was foolish,because he was interested in her because of money.

3.Make up a list of words and phrases which the author uses to show Julia's attitude towards Tom Fennell. Comment on their semantics and stylistic value.

-She could have taken him in her arms then and there and kissed his blue eyes. She adored him.
-She found his slight awkwardness rather charming.
-I am a fool,I am a bloody foll. I can't have fallen in love with him.
-She had been as excited all the evening as a girl going to her first ball. She could not help thinking how absurd she was.
-What the devil's the matter with me? God, I can hardly breathe.
-When she saw him, so slight, with his hectic flush and his blue eyes, so charmingly boyish, she felt a sudden pang.

All of these phrases reflect Julia’s attitude to Thomas. She understood that her actions and behaviour were wrong but she was fell in love with him and couldn't do anything with it.

4.The author uses a number of theatrical allusions. Find them in the text and say what you know about them. (Consult the Oxford Guide to British and American Culture or any other culture dictionary).
   Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 – 4 April 1774) was an Irish novelist, playwright and poet, who is best known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770), and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1771, first performed in 1773). He also wrote An History of the Earth and Animated Nature. He is thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes, the source of the phrase "goody two-shoes".
   Mlle Clairon-was a leading actress of the Comédie-Française who created many parts in the plays of Voltaire, Jean-François Marmontel, Bernard-Joseph Saurin, and others.She began her career as a soubrette but made her debut at the Comédie-Française in 1743 as Phèdre in the tragedy by Racine. She also portrayed Corneille’s heroines, who combined nobility of soul, pride, and intelligence. In 1753 Marmontel influenced her to simplify her declamatory style. Prompted by Diderot, she introduced touches of character and of ethnic realism into her roles.
  Madame de Pompadour was a mistress, friend and adviser to Louis XV, remained with the king up to her death in 1764. Introduced to the court through relatives, she was noticed by the king and quickly became one of his preferred mistresses. Louis XV had the Petit Trianon palace built for her, a haven of peace away from the court.
  Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay ; 11 December 1810 – 2 May 1857) was a French dramatist, poet, and novelist. Along with his poetry, he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du siècle (The Confession of a Child of the Century, autobiographical) from 1836.

 5)In chapter 11 you can find the following phrase: "... like Venus rising from the waves." What is the source of this allusion? Comment on it and its stylistic effect.
:"... like Venus rising from the waves” is an artistic allusion.It is related to the 1486 painting by Sandro Botticelli “The Birth of Venus”. It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the sea as a fully grown woman, arriving at the sea-shore (which is related to the Venus Anadyomene motif). It represents the birth of love.

6)Give a summary of chapters 11-13. (in written form) 
The reader got to know about  Julia's  acquaintance with  Charles Tamerly,who was madly in love with her.She found him very polite and elegant man,he was her adviser and supporter. Some time later Thomas Fennel called Julia and invited her for a tea. His poor apartment reminded Julia the times when she was in the beginning of her carrier, the times of her youth... Suddenly the young man kissed her and she didn't resist. After this affair Julia was happy and her eyes were shining. During her trip she had another sexual affair with an unknown man. After the returning Julia and  Thomas Fennel went to an expensive restaurant, where Tom payed for them both. She noticed he had pawned his watch in order to take her out to supper. A lump came into her throat. She adored him. After that they drove back to his bed-sitting room in Tavistock Square.

W.S. Maugham "Theater".Chapters 7-10

  I. Find the following words and phrases in the text and translate them into Russian:
Placidity-спокойствие,безмятежность
to make frantic scenes-закатывать безумные сцены
to give sb. a look of scorn- посмотреть на кого-либо с презрением
lavishness-щедрость
to know how to pull strings adroitly-знать, как пустить в ход связи
to fall out of love - разлюбить
close-cropped hair - коротко стриженые волосы
 to resist an inclination-сдержать порыв
weather-beaten skin – обветренная кожа
coltish grace-щенячья грация
to be on active service – находиться в действующей армии
confinement -роды
to run a theatre – открыть театр
effusive -несдержанный
to set one's mind to smth-стремиться к чему-либо,сосредоточиться на чем-либо
disconcerting -приводить в замешательство, сбивать с толку
it's a knockout -это бесподобно
amiability- дружелюбие
affable manner-  дружелюбные манеры
to exercise great ingenuity in (doing) smth. – проявить необыкновенную изобретательность в чем-то;
to be unperturbed – быть невозмутимым
shrewdness - проницательность
to grizzle – возмущаться,ворчать
it's a mere commonplace-это настольео банально
exorbitant - безмерный
to be conciliatory – быть примирителем
to foster one's career – способствовать продвижению чьей-либо карьеры
acumen - сообразительность
to have one's face lifted – подтянуть кожу лица
it's no good crying over spilt milk – после драки кулаками не машут
to have little flirtations –  флиртовать,заводить небольшие интриги
masseuse - массажистка
gossip column – колонка светской хроники
the world of make-believe – мир фантазий
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What did Michael and Julia do when the war broke out?

When the war broke out Julia and Michael were acting. Also they thought how to open their own theater. 
2. Why do you think Michael enjoyed the war?
Michael enjoyed the war because everyone likes him despite the was an actor and he was popular among soldiers.

3. Do you think love is important for a successful family life?

Love is very important  for a successful family life. It is very difficult to overcome obstacles with a person you don't love and respect. Family life will not be happy without love.

4. How did it happen that Julia fell out of love with Michael?
She realized that he no longer smelt like a youth, he smelt like a man.He wasn't so passionate as she expected and some time later she found many defect in him.
5. How did Michael manage to find the money to rent a theatre? What was the theatre called? Who was in the partnership with him?
After the death of Michael's parents he inherited nearly four thousand pounds, and this with his own savings and Julia's brought up their joint capital to seven thousand.But the rent of theatres had gone up enormous.Finally the money was found by a rich woman who was interested in Julia. It was called the Siddons Theatre. His partner was Dolly.
6. Why was Julia against Michael's taking up directing?
Michael had no fantasy and his ideas were commonplace. She was not sure that he would have authority over the cast.
7. What kind of director was Michael?
He was very hard-working.He paid Julia more than any other director had done, because he knew what she was capable of, and was familiar with her every inflection, every glance of her eyes, every graceful movement. He was too gentle to be director.
8. What irritated Julia in Michael more and more? How did he change in Julia's eyes?
 His straight thin-lipped mouth irritated her.Moreover, he no longer smelt like a youth, he smelt like a man. Michael’s thrift, which in the early days had seemed an amusing, rather touching trait, now revolted her.
9. Why was Julia sad when she thought of her married life?
Because her dreams and desires didn't coincide with reality. Her love had died she felt that life had cheated her.
10. Why was Michael happier than he had been before?
Julia never made scenes any more. Michael was happier when he founded his own theatre.
11.Julia's dresser and maid was a Cockney, wasn't she? Please prove it using the examples from the text.
“It'd only fidget me to 'ave a lot of elephant's tusks in me mouth."
“I'm young enough to dress 'er. And maid 'er”.
 12. Who was the unknown man who sent flowers to Julia? Why did she write him a thank you note?
 It was Mr. Thomas Fennell. She wrote a note,because she was very polite and it was her principle to keep in touch with the public.

III. Make up a list of words and phrases describing Michael's appearance and character. Say what you think of him.
-he was very handsome with large blue eyes,had a very good figure,had a straight nose and small ears;

-he had thin mouth

-he had an easy manner,he was a real gentleman;
-his voice was a trifle thin;
-he devoted anxious care to his figure;
-he was kind,good-humoured and friendly,
-he had no fantasy and his ideas were commonplace;
-he didn't like spending money;
-he was prudent and all he wanted was admiration;
-ha was a faithful husband;
-he had a gallant bearing.
To my mind  Michael was a good husband, he took care of his family and he loved only his wife. He didn't notice other women. He was efficient man, didn't spent money for trifles. I think   Michael was a purposeful  person, he achieved success and run his theatre.

IV. Comment on the phrase from chapter 9: "Roger had been entered for Eton within a week of
his birth." Comment on it. Give a short presentation on public schools in Britain.
  Julia and Michael were successful and rich enough to give his son the best education.

  The public schools form the backbone of the independent sector. Such schools depend almost on the fees paid by their pupil’s parents. They are mostly boarding schools, where the pupils live as well as study.  Ten public schools have produced one in eight of the professional elite who effectively run the country. The most famous public schools have a long history and tradition. It is often necessary to put a child's name on a waiting list at birth to be sure he or she gets a place. Children of wealthy or aristocratic families often go to the same public school as their parents and their grandparents.

  Eton is the best known of these schools.Eton College, often informally referred to as Eton, is a British independent boarding school located in Eton, near Windsor in England. It educates over 1,300 pupils, aged between 13 and 18 years and was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. Eton is one of nine English independent schools, commonly referred to as "public schools", included in the original Public Schools Act 1868.

VI. Give a summary of chapters 7-10.

Julia and Michael  acting when the war broke out. Michael volunteered; his wife Julia, wanted to be with her husband even at war, but she had to stay on the stage. She was the best actress in her generation and soon she became very rich. When Michael returned from the war Julia realized that she fell out of love with her husband because he changed so much. Michael decided to open his own theatre with a support of very rich old woman Mrs. de Vries. Being a director he was happier than had been earlier, while his wife was sad  her love to her husband died. Later at the end of the play Julia received flowers from unknown Tomas Fennel.

'Theatre' by W.S. Maugham. Chapters 3-6

I. Explain in English or give definitions of and find contextual synonyms for the following words and phrases:
 Asset- a major benefit,a useful quality;
 A sumptuous supper- impressive, expensive,elegant;
Extravagance-the practice of spending a lot of money, especially more than you should,wastefulness;
Thrift- the practice of spending money carefully so that you do not waste any,economical management;
To remonstrate- criticize someone about something;
Equanimity- a calm mental state when you deal with a difficult situation;
At a loose end - in an uncertain or unsettled situation or positionon;
To jeopardize- to risk damaging or destroying something important;
Alacrity-cheerful readiness;
Susceptible to -someone whose emotions are easy to influence;
Obsequious -too keen to please someone, in a way that does not seem sincere;
A retainer -a servant, especially one who has worked for someone from a high social class for a long time.

II. Find quotations in the text. State their meaning and their function.
"Neither a borrower nor a lender be,". This quotation characterizes Michael as a very economical and thrifty man. He didn't spend his money for  luxurious  things and try to save them for future life. It was  Michael's principal.
 "I could not love thee, dear, so much, loved I not honour more,"  This quotation shows Michael’s attitude to love, wedding and Julia.

III. Explain the metaphor "she is a millstone round his neck." Who does it refer to?
The metaphor refers to actors,who is going to marry an actress in a young age. According to Michael's opinion, this marriage may ruin the career, because it is impossible to be famous and married.

IV. Comment on the context of the following phrases:
"He was too modest to resent an unfavourable criticism."
Michael understood that he wasn't a good actor, he was in troupe because of his appearance.
"... after all he was born a gentleman."
Michael parents didn't consider the career of an actor is a noble one,they wanted Michael to become a military man.
"He is going to be a flop."
Michael was going to America in order to earn money,but Jimmie was sure that he would get a failure.
"'I suppose it's beastly of me,' she thought, 'but thank God, thank God.'"
This phrase belongs to Julia,she was very glad when he returned back from America,because she was afraid to loose him and his love.
VI. What techniques are employed by the author to make the reader see the events through Julia's eyes?
The author uses a lot of allusions to show that for Julia her stage was her home and life. The author describes Julia's emotions and feelings very vividly,using such words (  filthy pig, beast, devil, brute, rotten ).
The author uses such technique called "The stream of consciousness",we can read Julia's thoughts (Why doesn't he kiss me, kiss me, kiss me?"He doesn't love me. He doesn't care a damn about me.) We know why Julia is nervous and what is worried her.

VII. Answer the questions:
1. Who was Jimmie Langton and what role did he play in Julia's and Michael's lives?Jimmie Langton was the head of the troupe in the theatre at Middlepool. He helped Julia to develop her talent and to become a good actress. Also  Michael and Julia met each other in his theatre.
 2. When did Julia and Michael join the Middlepool Theatre Company? 3. How did Julia and Michael get to know each other?Michael played the boy and Julia played Regina. They heard one another their parts and after rehearsals lunched together to talk of them. Soon they were inseparable.
4. What did Julia like about Michael?
Michael was very handsome and had a good sense of humour. She liked him because he behaved like a gentleman.
5.What did Michael think of good looks and decent families?
The family status played greater importance for him than a man’s appearance.
6.How did Julia feel about her family?
She liked her family,she was proud of her father's profession.
7.What were Michael's views on marriage?
“I think an actor's a perfect fool to marry young. There are so many cases in which it absolutely ruins a chap's career. Especially if he marries an actress. He becomes a star and then she's a millstone round his neck”.
8.What did Michael read newspaper reviews for? Did Julia share his views?
He read all the articles in order to find out the information about him. He didn't pay attention to Julia's reviews.
9.Who invited Julia to Michael's house for the Holy Week? – It was Michael’s mother, Mrs. Gosselyn.
10.Did Michael's father meet Julia's expectations?
Julia  found the Colonel not so alarming person than she had expected: he was civil, but reserved, generous. He was neither irritable nor oppressive. He read The Times, went to church on Sunday and accompanied his wife to tea-parties.According to Michael’s words his father was rather old-fashioned, and there were some things he couldn’t understand.
11.What impression did Julia produce on Michael's parents?
They liked Julia."You've made a tremendous success with my people. They've taken an enormous fancy to you. Father told me you were very ladylike, and not a bit like an actress, and mother says you're so sensible."
12.Was the proposal expected by Michael's parents?
Yes, it was.
13.What steps did Julia take upon finding Michael was leaving for America?
She asked Jimmie not to let Michael go.
14.What professional offer did Michael receive and who facilitated this?
Michael was offered a lucrative contract in America, and Jimmie, the head of the troupe, facilitated it.
15.Was Michael a success in America?
He didn't find success there.
16.Did Julia keep in touch with him while he was away?
Yes,she wrote constantly  a lot of passionate letters to him,while he answered once a week, four pages exactly in a neat, precise hand.
17. Was Julia eager to meet Michael straight at the station?
 She decided to meet him and booked two rooms in a hotel.
18.What were Michael's impressions after staying and working in America?
Michael was deeply mortified and depressed. He wasn't satisfied by his work in America.
19.What was Michael going to do in England and what were his prospects?
He saved money in America and he dreamed to open the theater, where Julia would play.

VIII. Summarize the events of chapters 3-6.
Julia remembered her life when she played in  Jimmie’s troupe where she met Michael and fell in love with him and fell in love with him. They spent a lot of time together, but he was cold. One day, Julia received a letter from   Michael's mother, where she invited her to visit them. During this visit Michael  made her a proposal. All the troupe got to know about it. Some time later  Michael went to America, but didn't find the success there and returned home.Julia was very happy,met him and booked two rooms in a hotel.

"Theatre" by W. S. Maugham (Chapters 1-2)

 I. Explain in English or give definitions of and find contextual synonyms for the following words and phrases:
 Complacency -a felling of satisfaction and superiority;self-satisfied,contentment.
 Three times running-taking part three times
  Filthy-very dirty,muddy
 Supercilious-a person behaves in such manner as if they think they are better or more important than everyone else; contemptuous
  Military bearing-  the particular way in which someone stands, moves, or behaves
  Natural flamboyance-behaving  in a way that deliberately attracts attention
  Stupendous-very impressive,tremendous
  Staggered-very surprised and shocked, to bewilder
  Natural homage – special respect; esteem
  Entanglement -a complicated situation,confusion
  Concubinage-cohabitation of a man and a woman without the full sanctions of legal marriage
  Languorous-lack of physical or mental energy; listlessness
  Flippant rejoinde- disrespectful,frivolous answer
  To risk smth-the possibility that something unpleasant or dangerous might happen,venture
  A quick study- to learn by heart without difficulties

II. Search for the allusions in the text. Define their type (literary, artistic, historical and others) and functions; explain their meaning. 
Literary allusions:

William Shakespeare -is considered by many to be the greatest playwright of all time, although many facts about his life remain shrouded in mystery.It used to create the atmosphere of theater.

Mercutio is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's tragedy, Romeo and Juliet. It is used to show that Michael Gosselyn was a bad actor.
 Artistic allusions:
Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an extravagant Baroque style that emphasised movement, colour, and sensuality. It is used to underline  Michael Gosselyn's self-satisfaction.
Sarah Siddons-Sarah Siddons was a well-known actress of the 18th century who became famous for her role as Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. It is used to show the world of theater.
Pierre Corneille was a French tragedian who was one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine. The author involves the reader in the world of acting.
John Philip Kemble was an English actor.  He played a huge number of parts, including a large number of Shakespearean characters.
Sarah Bernhardt was the great French actress,referred to as "the most famous actress the world has ever known.She developed a reputation as a serious dramatic actress, earning the nickname "The Divine Sarah."
Jean Racine-was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France (along with Molière and Corneille), and an important literary figure in the Western tradition.Racine was primarily a tragedian, producing such "examples of neoclassical perfection"
Historical allusions:
Sir Francis Robert Benson – was a British actor-manager. He founded his own company in 1883 and produced all but two of Shakespeare's plays. From the first he devoted himself largely to the production of Shakespeare's plays.

All the allusions were used to involve the reader in the word of theater,its beauty and unusual atmosphere.

III. Using direct and indirect evidence from the text give character sketches of Julia Lambert and Michael Gosselyn.
 Julia Lambert was a beautiful actress of 46,she had large dark brown eyes,a lovely figure and an indiarubber face. She was very confident in herself and independent. She dressed tastefully,her clothes, made only in Paris, were very luxury.The reader can see that she didn't play only on the stage,but in her family:with her husband.  Julia noticed that she "talked very differently to herself and to other people". It means that nobody knows her real emotions and feelings.She was really a born actress and the fate gave her a great opportunity to develop her talent.  Julia had been sent to live with her mother’s sister who was married to a Frenchman, a coal merchant. She learnt to speak French like a Frenchwoman. Jane Taitbout  gave Julia her first lessons in acting. At the age of 16,Julia went to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She worked hard and it characterized her as a stubborn person. It seems that she is very happy with  her husband.
 Michael Gosselyn is one of the main characters of Maugham’s novel “Theatre”.He was very handsome with blue eyes,had a very good figure,a straight nose and small ears.The only thing that slightly spoiled him was the thinness of his mouth. He was a bad actor,but due to his handsome he played lovers on the stage.To my mind, Michael was  supercilious. His father was a military man, but  Michael decided to go on the stage because of his appearance. He loved his wife and was a devoted to her. At his 52, he tried to keep fit and his figure was perfect.
IV. Summary
Julia Lambert, a woman of breathtaking talent,beautiful, rich and famous came to her husband and met there a strange man. He was a new account at their theater.Michael  decided to invite him for lunch. As it turned out, the account was a shy man, who adored Julia and her talent and this invitation was an outstanding event in his life. Moreover Julia took her photo to the young man. Looking at her old photos She began to remember her past,her childhood, her acquaintance with  Michael.  

A Farewell to Arms.Film Review.

        “A Farewell to Arms” is a 1957 American drama film directed by Charles Vidor, starring Rock Hudson and Jennifer Jones. It is the second feature film adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's 1929 semi-autobiographical novel of the same name.The setting of the story is Italy.
        Let's pass on to the plot of the film. Frederick Henry was an American ambulance driver,who joined the Italian army during World War I. He was seriously injured at the front and was sent to the hospital in Milan.He met Catherine Barkley, a Red Cross nurse, there and they fell in love with each other. They spent a lot of time together and later Catherine discovered that she was pregnant. After Henry's recovering,he returned to the front.Henry was caught by the Italian police who accused him of treachery leading to the Italian defeat. Knowing he would be executed, Henry jumped into the river and escaped. He found Catherine and they both escaped to Switzerland in a boat. Henry and Catherine lived a quiet life in the mountains, waiting the birth of their child.However, finally both Catherine and the child die. Frederic walks away alone in the rain alone in the world.
    Speaking about the actors,I should say that cast of the film is perfect. Rock Hudson and Jennifer Jones were wonderful.  Rock Hudson was an ideal man,he volunteered on the Italian front,transmitted his disease and injury,wanted to marry his lover and live with her the whole life.He tried to hold his emotions, but the last scene was deeply touching,he couldn't hide his grieve. Jennifer Jones was so devoted to her man,she sacrificed herself. She was so sincere,so tender. Sometimes she was mad,because she was in love.
       Besides, I should say, that director of the film made a good job.I can't but mention the realistic atmosphere of war, hospital. There are a lot of moments of war,showing massive, panoramic tableaux, and  a line of soldiers trooping through the mountains.The music,used in the film, is beautiful and pertinent.
    Moreover, I can't but underline the episode when the priest stayed with patiences in the hospital. He knew that he would die,but couldn't leave them alone and continue to pray.Such behaviour is worth of admiration.
     In conclusion, I'd like to say that I enjoy the movie,especially scenes of love. The moments of war were violent, the colors were gray and such moments were boring and unpleasant. All in all, this film is tragedy,but I prefer movies with happy end.